COMMISSION
K: ELECTROMAGNETICS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Introduction
The research
activities on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields in
K1 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
K1.1 DC and ELF Electric
Fields
On dosimetry,
On cellular
effects, Shimooka et al. has pursued
the possibility of immuno-modulation caused by the electric stimulation of the
current induced in the body on field exposure [Shimooka, 2004]. They have
reported the suppression effects of macrophage phagocytosis [Fujii, 2002;
Kagawa, 2004], histamine release [Morita, 2002] and the generation of the
reactive oxygen species [Tatebe, 2004].
Biological effects were evaluated with plants. Nitta et al. has found that bean sprout has
the better growth in the higher electric field in the range of 10-25kV/m
[Kiatgamjorn, 2003]. Nitta et al. has
found the growth rate of ice plants in the electric field of 28.5kV/m than that
of no field condition [Rotcharoen, 2003].
In the
experiments with human subjects, Yamashita et
al. exposed ELF electric field on the skin surface of the human forearm,
and measured the physiological changes such as the skin temperature, the
surface blood flow and the blood volume in the arm. In the local field
exposure, the increases in these parameters were observed. The results of these
experiments suggested that this response was controlled by the central nervous
system [Yamashita, 2004].
In several
kinds of microbial species, example of reports of the positive effect of DC
magnetic field has been confirmed. SoxR on Escherichia
coli in which there are too many examples of reports until now. Variant sodAsodB
[Zhang et al., 2003] which reports rising, since the mutagenesis frequency has
it by 5 or high magnetic field of 9 T in the double mutant. Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the paper
in which found the rise in expression strength of several kinds genes of by the
high magnetic field of 14 T [Ikehata, 2003]. Rhodobacter sphaeroides [
There are
several studies to determine the mutagenicity by exposure to strong static
magnetic fields. Takashima et al.
reported dose response relationship between magnetic field density and its
mutagenicity using DNA repair-proficient and -deficient strains of fruit fly Drosophila
melanogaster.[Takashima et al.,
2003]. It was found that exposure to 2, 5 or 14 T fields for 24 h caused a
statistically significant enhancement in somatic recombination frequency in the
post-replication repair deficient flies, whereas the frequency remained
unchanged in the nucleotide excision repair deficient flies and in the DNA
repair-proficient flies after exposure.
An increase linearly dependent on the flux density was observed between
0.5 T and 2 T, while it was saturated at exposure levels over 2 T. These findings
suggest that exposure to high density magnetic fields induce somatic
recombination in Drosophila, and that the dose-response relationship is not
linear.
Zhang et al. used an Escherichia coli mutation assay to assess the mutagenic effects of
strong magnetic filed. The mutation frequency was significantly increased by
the static magnetic field exposure in soxR
and sodAsodB mutants, which are
defective in defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. In addition, the
expression of superoxide-inducible socS::
lacZ fusion gene was stimulated 1.4- and 1.8-fold in E.coli when exposed to 5 and 9 T, respectively. These results
indicate that strong static magnetic field induces mutations through elevated
production of intracellular superoxide radical in E.col. (Ikehata and Miyakoshi).
Bull sperm
and paramecium cilium are oriented in a strong static magnetic field. An
anisotropic diamagnetic susceptibility of microtubules, which are one of their
components contributes it (Higashi and Iwasaka).
Magnetic fields of 5-10 T were
applied to agarose molecules to obtain the random, the planar and the axial
gels. As a result, the electrophoretic velocity depended on the gel structure
as well as the size and structure of DNAs. The magnetically ordered agarose
gels can be used for a new separation method of DNAs at a high resolution (Yamaguchi and Iwasaka).
K1.4 DC and ELF Magnetic Field
It has been
found that moderate-intensity DC magnetic field ranging 1 mT-0.35 T have
significant circulatory system effects most notably on cutaneous
microcirculation and arterial blood pressure. Ohkubo et al. studied the influence of 0.25T DC magnetic field and
geomagnetic field activity, estimated b y K and Ak-indexes, on mean
arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, hemodynamic index, and
cardiovascular variability in pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits. DC magnetic
field with application to baroreceptor region for 65-80 min decreased BP. There
was positive correlation of geomagnetic field activity with MAP, and this
result implied that magnetic storms could increase the incidence of severe
cardiovascular events. They continued their research in three papers (Okano et al, 2003a, b, 2005). They
investigated the effects of DC magnetic field, 3.0-10.0 mT and 8.0-25.0 mT, on
development of hypertension in young male, rats (SHR). DC magnetic field
suppressed and retarded the development of hypertension in both exposed groups
in a non-dose dependent manner.
For ELF magnetic field effects, Kezuka et al. presented their experiments about
the effects of 50Hz magnetic field on the pteridine levels in mice. Their
results suggested that only circularly polarized magnetic field exposure may
affect the pteridine level which provide an indirect estimate of the degree of
stress emerging during immune response. There was no evidence for effects on
cellular immune systems of exposure to linearly polarized magnetic fields
(Kezuka et al 2004, 2005).
K1.4.2 In Vitro studies
No or very
little effects of ELF electromagnetic field were found on basic cellular
behaviors (proliferation, survival and cell cycle). Exposure to a high-density
ELF electromagnetic field increased mutation and chromosomal aberration
dose-dependently. Such a result was more significant under a combined exposure
with external factors. Results of molecular biological analysis for its
mechanism revealed that a response to an ELF electromagnetic field had an
effect on the signal transduction system that was involved with intracellular
calcium and protein kinase (Miyakoshi).
Exposure
to a time-varying magnetic field (maximum flux density of 1.7T) inhibits K+
influx via Ca2+-dependent K+ channel and an increase in
intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of
HeLa cells incubated in high K+ medium [Ikehara, 2002]. Addition of
Ca2+ ionophore (ionomycin) to the high K+ medium increase
[Ca2+]i to the level of control cells, regardless of
exposure to the magnetic field. But the inhibition of K+ uptake by
exposure to the magnetic field is not restored by addition of the ionophore.
This strong time-varying magnetic field (maximum of 1.51T) also inhibits a
transient increase in [Ca2+]i in bovine adrenal
chromaffin cells induced by bradykinin (BK) in a Ca2+-free medium
[Ikehara, 2002]. The exposure does not affect BK induced production of inositol
1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3). Inhibition of the BK-induced increase in [Ca2+]i
by exposure for 30 min is mostly recovered 1 hr after exposure ended. Our
results reveal that the magnetic field exposure inhibits Ca2+
release from intracellular Ca2+ stores. Moreover, effects of
exposure to a 50Hz magnetic field (maximum of 41.7 to 43.6mT) on the membrane
structures of living HeLa cells were studied using attenuated total reflection
infrared spectroscopy [Ikehara, 2003]. Exposure to the ELF magnetic field has
reversible effects on the N-H inplane bending and C-N stretching vibrations of
peptide linkages the secondary structure of α-helix and βsheet in
cell membrane proteins.
On the other
hand, in cultured osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1), exposure to ELF magnetic
field (60Hz, 3.0,T) for 3 days, both collagen and non-collagen protein content
by multispectral imaging method, increased in the cells at peripheral; regions
of culture dish than that at central regions of same dish. The treatment of IGF
increased in collagen content at the peripheral cells for 17 days culture. But
the additive effects of the exposure and IGF treatment were not observed
[Yamaguchi, 2004].
ALP activity
was increased significantly by the exposure alone or by combined with NGF
treatment. These results indicate that the mechanisms of differentiation
related to IGF and NGF in the osteoblasts were altered by the magnetic fields
of extremely low frequency [Hosokawa, 2004]
Takashima et al. reported that the effect of ELF
magnetic fields on the DNA damage repair process, the gene conversion frequency
and cell cycle kinetics in a DNA repair-proficient and nucleotide excision
repair (NER)-deficient strain of diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
DNA repair- or NER-deficient cells were irradiated with sub-lethal doses of
ultraviolet light (UV) radiation followed by exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields
up to 30mT for 48 h. After exposure, gene conversion rate was increased by the
combined exposure in DNA repair-proficient cells, whereas it remained unchanged
between UV alone and the combined exposure in NER-deficient cells. The
UV-induced G1 arrest was inhibited by exposure to 30mT ELF magnetic fields in
both repair-proficient and -deficient cells. The results suggest that exposure
to high-density (30 mT) ELF magnetic field decreases the efficiency of NER by
suppressing G1 arrest, which in turn led to enhancement of the UV-induced gene
conversion [Ikehata]. Moreover, there are several fundamental research
activities to clarify ELF or combined fields with static and ELFs (Ikahata).
K1.5 Intermediate frequency Magnetic field
WHO defines the intermediate frequency
(IF) region of the EMF spectrum as being between 300Hz to 10MHz. Compared to
ELF and RF fields, little research has been done of the effects of IF fields.
There are two reports on the biological effects of IF magnetic fields. Haga et al. used a highly sensitive
mutagenesis assay method (umu system)
to evaluate the direct impact of exposure to 20kHz, 60μT for DNA destruction
gene mutation [Haga, 2004]. This exposure experiment induced bacterial umu DNA repair response in one
experimental case. Tachi et al. also
investigated whether IF magnetic field (20kHz, 0.5mT, 1mT) induce the DNA
damage and physiological abnormality in bacterial cells containing
bacteriophage λ[Tachi,
2005]. After about 4 and 8 hour’s exposure, this result suggests IF magnetic
fields induce physiological damage in bacterial cells. Further studies are
needed (Yamazaki and Suzuki).
K1.6 RF and Microwaves
K1.6.1 In vivo studies
Effects of
exposure to electromagnetic waves (EMW) used in cellular phones on learning and
memory processes were examined in Sprague-Dawley rats using a carousel type
exposure system [Tsurita, 2000] and T-maze [Yamaguchi, 2003]. This study
suggests that the exposure to a TDMA field at levels about four times stronger
than emitted by cellular phones does not affect the learning and memory
processes when there are no thermal effects. Ocular effects of MW have also
been investigated using rabbit with/without system anethesia [Kojima 2004].
K1.6.2 In vitro studies
Genotoxic
effect of high frequency electromagnetic field (HF FMF) at 2.45GHz with a wide
range of specific absorption rates (SARs) was examined in cultured cells. The
micronucelus (MN) frequency of cells exposed to a HF EME at SAR of up to 50
W/kg was not different to that in sham-exposed cells, while those at SARs of
100 and 200 W/kg were significantly higher than in the sham-exposed controls.
An increase in SAR causes a rise in temperature and this may be connected to
the increase in MN formation generated by exposure to HF EMF. Effect of HF EMF
on DNA damage was also examined using alkaline comet assay method. There was no
significant difference in the tail moments between HF EMF- and sham-exposed
groups. This finding suggests that exposure to HF EMF does not cause DNA strand
breaks even at a SAR of 100 W/kg. For the gene expression, effect of HF EMF on
the synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was examined. Exposure to a HF
EMF induced hsp70 expression at a high SAR of more than 20 W/kg but not at 5
W/kg in human glioma cells. In addition, there were no significant differences
in Hsp27 and Hsp70 expressions between RF (1950 MHz)-exposed and sham-exposed
cells at a SAR of lower than 10 W/kg. However, exposure to the RF field at 10
W/kg decreased the protein level of phosphorylated Hsp27 (78Ser)
significantly (Miyakoshi).
K2.1 Design Methods of the Electromagnetic
Environment
In order to use the EM power effectively in dairy life without losing
the safety in every respect, only the EM waves that are actually needed inside
the living space should be transmitted into the space. A stratified
construction material that is consisted of two low loss materials has been
developed for satisfying such a demand. The new functional material can absorb more
than 70 percent of the incident EM power at specific frequencies that are
pre-designed according to the demand (Miyakawa).
K2.2 Tissue Properties- Bioelectromagnetics
parameters
The radio
frequency safety guideline compliance for mobile phones has been evaluated by
measuring the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the phantom material. The
electromagnetic properties of bio-tissues and phantom material need to be
specified in order to achieve precise and accurate SAR measurements. Recently,
there are many research activities focused on Liquid phantoms (Watanabe and
Kamimura).
K2.3 Phantoms
Various
phantoms for the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) estimation have been studied. A
real-shaped torso bust phantom is developed to achieve an accurate evaluation
of the SAR in the head as well as the characteristics of an antenna for a
mobile terminal placed close to the human body [Ito, 2004]. The shape and size
of the torso bust phantom are based on the average Japanese youths in their
twenties. Moreover, an abdomen phantom of pregnant women including the amniotic
fluid and the fetus is developed to estimate the SAR in the fetus [Kawai, 2003,
Ito, 2005]. The targeted frequency range of this phantom is the VHF band. The
dielectric constants of the amniotic fluid and the fetus of rabbits were
measured to determine the dielectric constants of the phantom. In addition,
solid phantoms, whose targeted frequency range is up 3 to 6 GHz, are
investigated [Ishido, 2004]. The phantoms can reproduce the electrical
properties of human biological tissues in the range of 3 to 6 GHz without
changing their compositions.
In IEICE
Transactions, the special issue on phantom has been published, and a review
concerning the tissue equivalent phantoms has been reported [Ito, 2002].
High-molecular gel phantom with high transparency and viscosity has been
proposed to realize the evaluation of the three dimensional EM waves’exposure
using a micro-capsulated thermo-chromic liquid crystal [Sunaga, 2003; Baba,
2004a, 2004b; Suzuki, 2004]. Moreover, the phantom test phantom for implantable
medical device to estimate the impact from RF EMF has been presented [Ohshita,
2004].
Various
liquids for compliance tests of cellular phones with safety guidelines have
been also proposed in international standards, i.e., IEC and IEEE, and their
characteristics have been investigated [Fukunaga, 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2004 and
2004a]. (Ito).
Several
analyses have been conducted focusing on induced currents inside the human
body. Chiba et al. conducted
calculations of induced currents for grounded and ungrounded simple homogeneous
human model when exposed to vertical uniform electric field, using finite
element method (FEM) [
In the
analysis of magnetically induced currents, non-uniformity of the fields has
been an key issue especially when assessing compliance with existing
guidelines. Kamimura et al.
calculated the induced currents in human head using both analytical formulae
and numerical computations when exposed to magnetic fields produced by AC
driven electric shaver, that represents localized magnetic dipole sources
[Kamimura, 2002, 2004]. Nishizawa et al.
introduced equivalent magnetic source model which consists of multiple magnetic
dipoles assumed to be distributed on a cylindrical surface to simulate magnetic
fields around electric appliances, and calculated induced current in a simple
homogeneous human model [Nishizawa, 2003, 2004a, 2004b]. Related to he
characterization of the magnetic field sources, Yagitani et al. studied a method of MUSIC algorithm and applied it to
identification of localized field sources [Yagitani, 2004]. Tarao et al. calculated the induced current
due to usage of a hair dryer for a realistic human head model [Tarao, 2003].
Yamazaki et al. characterized the
effects of the field uniformity on maximum induced current from homogeneous
spherical human model for easy assessment of compliance with the guidelines
[Yamazaki, 2005].
Yoshitomi et al. measured environmental ELF magnetic
filed in an apartment I Japan and proposed reduction method for the fields
[Yoshitomi, 2002; Moriyama, 2005a]. They also measured ELF magnetic fields
originating from equipments used for medical diagnoses and treatments.
Sakurazawa et al. measured personal
exposure to ELF magnetic fields in working environments such as electric power
substations, VDT operator, electric furnace operators, and arc welders
[Sakurazawa, 2003].
Sasada
reported a simple three-square-coil system to produce a uniform magnetic field
in a fairly large volume inside the coil system, which is advantageous over the
proposed systems [Sasada, 2003]. Nagai et
al. reported exposure setups fro in vitro experiment for complex magnetic
fields with static and time-varying components [Nagai, 2004] (Yamazaki).
K3.2 Intermediate frequency magnetic field
In recent
years, electric appliances that utilize magnetic fields with frequency higher
than the power frequency, defined as IF (intermediate frequency), for heating,
detecting and switching, has raised new interest in health effects. An IH
(induction heater) cooker is one of those appliances that utilize the IF
magnetic field for heating ferromagnetic pans. The typical frequency of the IH
cooker ranges from 20kHz to 100kHz. A similar frequency range is utilized in a
metal detector usually installed at the security gates of airports, and
electric article surveillance (EAS) system. Since higher frequency induces
induced current inside the human body in proportion to the frequency, stricter
magnetic field levels are set for the higher frequency range in some existing
exposure guidelines.
Kamata et al. characterized the magnetic fields
generated by induction cooking by a series of measurement [Kamata, 2004].
Yamazaki et al. proposed a simple
method to characterize the magnetic field distribution around appliances in the
IF range by identifying equivalent magnetic dipole moments [Yamazaki, 2004a,
2004b]. Suzuki et al. conducted numerical
calculation of induced currents inside an anatomically correct human model when
exposed to IF magnetic field [Suzuki, 2004a, 2004b, 2005] (Suzuki and
Yamazaki).
K3.3 RF and MW
There has been increasing concern about
adverse health effect in RF and microwave frequency range due to proliferation
of mobile phones. In order to investigate this problem, computational and
experimental works haven been conducted. Recent trends in
1)
Measurement techniques for electric constants of lossy dielectric
For reliable dosimetry, it is essential
to measure electrical constants of human tissue and then to develop material
for phantom [Fukunaga, 2004]. Additionally, uncertainties of an electric probe
have been evaluated [Watanabe,2004b].
2)
Development of experimental setups for small animals and in-vitro study
Some new techniques using ferrite
material or high permittivity materials to realize a highly localized exposure
in small animals has been developed [Wang, 2003b, 2004c], and detailed analysis
for various uncertainties in exposure setups has been conducted [Wang, 2002b,
2004b]. A new antenna for localized exposure to rats has also been developed
[Watanabe H., 2004].
3) Dosimetry
for child
Based on the
report by the NRPB, it is concerned that children might be more vulnerable to
any adverse effects of RF radiation than adults. In order to give some insight
on this problem, dosimetry has been conducted using a realistic child head
model [Fujiwara, 2003, 2004]. A scaling technique for producing a realistic
child model has been developed and adopted widely in the world [Wang, 2003a]. A
parallel FDTD technique based on PCs has also been developed for large-scale
dosimetry of mobile phones [Wang, 2004a].
4)
Temperature rise due to RF exposures
Peak-spatial averaged SAR is used as a
measure in the ICNIRP guideline to evaluate the safety of humans for RF
electromagnetic field exposure, while temperature increase would be a direct
cause of physical burning and physiological effect. In order to bridge this
gap, a correlation between peak SAR and temperature increase has been
investigated [Fujimoto, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004c; Hirata, 2002, 2003a, 2003b,
2004a, 2004b]
5)
Improvement of numerical simulation techniques
In order to
overcome limitations of FDTD method, which is the most powerful numerical
method to evaluate SAR in the biological bodies, surface impedance and hybrid
methods have been proposed [Watanabe 2002 and 2004c; Mochizuki 2004a, 2004b,
and 2004c] (Fujiwara and Watanabe).
K4 Biomedical Applications
K4.1 Thermal Therapy
In recent
years, various types of medical applications of microwaves have been
investigated. Among them, minimally invasive microwave thermal therapies are of
great interest. They are interstitial hyperthermia and microwave coagulation
therapy for thermal treatment of cancer, cardiac catheter ablation for
ventricular arrhythmia treatment, etc. Previously, a coaxial-slot antenna,
which is one of the thin antennas for interstitial heating, has been studied.
In this research, the heating characteristics of the antenna are investigated
by numerical simulation based on FDTD calculations [Saito, 2003] and phantom
experiments. Moreover, the results of hyperthermic treatments for neck tumor by
use of the coaxial-slot antenna and the array applicator composed of several
coaxial-slot antennas are reported [Saito, 2004a]. In addition, the improvement
of the characteristics of the coaxial-slot antenna especially the input
impedance of the antenna is considered [Saito, 2004b] and the feeding technique
of the array applicator composed of several antennas is investigated [Saito,
2004c] (Ito).
K4.2 Microwave Imaging of the Human Body
Chirp Pulse
Microwave Computed Tomography is a noninvasive imaging modality, which enables
microwave imaging of a human body using a chirp pulse microwave signal and
signal processing techniques. The prototype model using a microwave from 1 to 2
GHz showed that the spatial resolution is better than 10 mm and temperature
variation less than 0.3 degree Celsius can be measurable. The higher resolution
model, which works at 2 to 3 GHz has also been developed for diagnostic imaging
of an early stage breast tumor. Feasibility of the practical application of
CP-MCT has been investigated through a series of computational studies and
basic studies using those two models. A new CP-MCT with fan beam geometry,
which is able to collect projection data very quickly is now being developed
for a high speed imaging of experimental animals (Miyakawa).
K4.3 Thermal therapy- Inductive heating
A novel
implant with the function of a high efficient temperature raise is proposed to
achieve a local high temperature hyperthermia or ablation therapy. The idea of
the new implant with a heating function is based on not material component but
on resonant circuit theory viewpoint .The new implant proposed here
consists of a small coil and a microchip condenser to make a resonant circuit.
By applying an RF magnetic field to the implant, large current flows in the
coil based on the resonance and elevate the coil temperature efficiently. As a
coil, a silver wire or a stainless is used. The temperature rise of more than
70℃ from the initial value is obtained at 15 cm depth of agar phantom in a case
of implant with the diameter of 3 mm and the length of 4 mm, using a ferrite
core applicator with output power of 500 W at the resonant frequency of 4 MHz.
This idea of the implant can be applied to a stent with a heating function
(Kotsuka).
K4.4 Radiometry
Multi-frequency
microwave radiometer system for noninvasive temperature measurement of
biological tissues has been at the final stage of its development as well as
the temperature retrieval method from measured brightness temperatures of
biological tissues. Chirp radar-type microwave computed tomography which can provide a cross sectional image of temperature change
has been also under development (Sugiura).
K4.5 Soft heating
In
hyperthermia, the soft-heating method has been proposed. This is an inductive
heating method that uses as a hear element a thermosensitive magnetic material.
The feature of this method is automatic temperature control using Curie-point
of the magnetic material. When the element is implanted into the tumor tissue,
however, authors have to adjust the size of element to that of each tumor
tissue. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify heat characteristics
of heat elements with various volumes.
The heat
element is composed of a thermosensitive magnetic material and a metal ring.
The thermosensitive magnetic material used to experiment is Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite
and Curie-point is 90℃. Moreover,
the copper ring is wrapped around the ferrite. The aim of wrapping copper ring
is increase of the heat quantity generated compared with that using only the
magnetic material. When temperature of the thrmosensitive magnetic material is
lower than the Curie-point, the magnetic flux is concentrated by the effect of
high permeability of the magnetic material. Then, short-circuit current induced
in the copper ring, raises the temperature of heat element. In experiments,
this element is put in the heat insulator, then excited by solenoidal coil. The
specification of this coil is 8mT at 100 kHz.
The results
provided evidence that the temperature characteristics show a saturation
tendency with an increase of the element volume. Based on this tendency, it
seems reasonable to suggest that sufficient heating can be obtained, even on
smaller element volumes. Therefore, when considering heating per unit volume,
it is expected that a volume with the most effective heating temperature can be
obtained. For further research, we will continue to analyze the temperature
characteristics, aiming to achieve the high hyperthermia (Matsuki).
K4.6 current distribution MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging of electrical phenomena in living bodies is
potentially useful for quantitative evaluations of biological effects of
electromagnetic fields, and for direct detection of neuronal electrical
activities in the brain. Magnetic field in an object causes a shift in the
resonant frequency [Sekino, 2004a]. Stationary electric current causes an
increase in the apparent diffusion coefficient [Yamaguchi, 2003]. Spatial
distributions of externally applied magnetic field and electrical current can
be estimated from these changes in magnetic resonance signals. These methods
have potential medical applications such as imaging of current distributions in
electrical defibrillation. Detection of electrical currents associated with
neuronal or muscular electrical activities requires extremely high sensitivity.
The sensitivity for detecting weak magnetic fields was estimated using
numerical simulations [Hatada, 2005a, 2005b] and experiments [Hatada, 2005c].
The theoretical limit of sensitivity was approximately 10-8 T. These
studies potentially lead to a new method for visualizing brain function with a
spatial resolution of millimeters and a temporal resolution of milliseconds.
The ADC reflects electrical conductivity of a tissue, which enables an estimation
of anisotropic conductivity of the tissue [Sekino, 2003a, 2004b, 2004c]. This
method was applied to imaging of electrical conductivity in the human brain.
Several regions in the white matter such as the corpus callosum and the
internal capsule exhibited high anisotropy in conductivity. Magnitude and phase
of magnetic resonance signals are affected by permittivity [Sekino, 2005;
Mihara, 2005]. A distinctive signal inhomogeneity arises in images of objects
whose dimension is comparable to the wavelength of electromagnetic fields at
the resonant frequency. This phenomenon, dielectric resonance, particularly
appears in scanners with high static fields. Electric current in electrolyte
solution give rise to fluid motion. Magnetic resonance imaging was applied to
visualization of the flow velocity [Sekino, 2003b, 2003c, 2004d]. In strong
static magnetic field, biological macromolecules such as fibrin and collagen
are oriented in the direction parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field.
The magnetic orientation causes a change in the spin-spin relaxation time of
gels, which contain these macromolecules [Takeuchi, 2003, 2004a, 2004b,
2005](Sekino and Ueno).
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the members of Commission K
Japan for their tremendous efforts.
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